Follow the Money

I must admit that my cynical side (all of me really) wondered why the AMA would fall on that side of the fence, when most people in the streets regard obesity as the sign of overeating. Even now, 7 years later that is still the case.

Did the declaration of the AMA mean that the bureaucrats immediately declared a war on obesity similar to the one that Nixon declared on Cancer back in December 23, 1971? [The signing of the National Cancer Act by President Richard M. Nixon on December 23, 1971, was considered a declaration of War on Cancer (although researchers had never slowed in their efforts to combat this multi headed disease). The law earmarked $1.5 million for cancer research over a 3-year period and broadened the scope and responsibilities of the National Cancer Institute. Equally important, the law designated the fight against cancer a national priority.]

In fact at the time (1971) the copy read, "Dr. Sidney Farber, Past President of the American Cancer Society, believes: 'We are so close to a cure for cancer. We lack only the will and the kind of money and comprehensive planning that went into putting a man on the moon'."[1] [In reality, the War on Cancer has turned into a Cash Cow for all parties involved with Cancer, and it is unlikely that this war will ever be won by the human race. There is just too much money involved to justify finding a real solution.]

So here we are some 48 years later with no end in sight for the demise of Cancer in any form using the treatments approved by the AMA and FDA, and they now add another disease - obesity to the ever growing list of human ailments.

This is partly due to the fact that the Medical Industry was now able to claim weight loss clinics and methods as part of their domain. This is especially true when you realise that the weight loss industry as a whole was a $64 billion market in 2014.[2] Purely from a "follow the money" outlook this large non-medical market was too tempting for the AMA to ignore.

What was the reasoning behind the AMA making this decision?

It is interesting to note that in the meeting minutes the A.M.A. House of Delegates voted AGAINST the conclusions of the association’s Council on Science and Public Health, which had studied the issue over the last year. The council said that obesity should not be considered a disease mainly because the measure usually used to define obesity, the body mass index (BMI), is simplistic and flawed.

Some people with a B.M.I. above the arbitrary level that usually defines obesity are perfectly healthy while others below it can have dangerous levels of body fat and metabolic problems associated with obesity. [There is no indication of any scientific reason why the BMI levels defining overweight, obese or morbidly obese are set at these levels. I have been unable to find any studies that support these numbers, and I feel that they are just arbitrary numbers pulled out of the air by the initial publisher of the BMI.]

“Given the existing limitations of B.M.I. to diagnose obesity in clinical practice, it is unclear that recognizing obesity as a disease, as opposed to a ‘condition’ or ‘disorder,’ will result in improved health outcomes,” the council wrote. [This has been shown to the case as now 50% of EU citizens and 2/3 of the USA population are defined as obese. This just makes the market for weight loss and obesity clinics manned by members of the AMA to make even more money.] 

The council summarized the arguments for and against calling obesity a disease.

One reason in favour, it said, was that it would reduce the stigma of obesity that stems from the widespread perception that it is simply the result of eating too much or exercising too little. Some doctors say that people do not have full control over their weight.

Supporters of the disease classification also say it fits some medical criteria of a disease, such as impairing body function. [So does losing a limb, but that isn't classed as a disease, yet.]

Those arguing against it say that there are no specific symptoms associated with it and that it is more a risk factor for other conditions than a disease in its own right.

They also say that “medicalizing” obesity by declaring it a disease would define one-third of Americans as being ill and could lead to more reliance on costly drugs and surgery rather than lifestyle changes. [They got the numbers wrong on that as it is now 2/3 of Americans are classified as obese.]

Some people might be overtreated because their B.M.I. was above a line designating them as having a disease, even though they were healthy.

The delegates rejected the conclusion of the council and voted instead in favour of a resolution pushed by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American College of Cardiology and some other organizations. [The fix was obviously in as the rejection of a special council who studied the obesity problem for over a year was thrown out in favour of chasing the $64 billion weight loss market [2] that the Doctors were not currently involved in at a single meeting.]

This resolution argued that obesity was a “multi metabolic and hormonal disease state” that leads to unfavorable outcomes like Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

“The suggestion that obesity is not a disease but rather a consequence of a chosen lifestyle exemplified by overeating and/or inactivity is equivalent to suggesting that lung cancer is not a disease because it was brought about by individual choice to smoke cigarettes,” the resolution said. [Once again this comment is self serving as you do not need to be a smoker to get lung cancer. See Lung Cancer article here.]

What causes Obesity?

Eating more calories than you burn in daily activity and exercise (on a long-term basis) causes obesity. Over time, these extra calories add up and cause you to gain weight.

Eating more calories than you burn in daily activity and exercise (on a long-term basis) causes obesity. Over time, these extra calories add up and cause you to gain weight.

You see this shown again and again when you see malnourished or starving people - none of these people are obese or even overweight.

Common specific causes of obesity include:

Certain medical conditions may also lead to weight gain. These include:

Who is at risk for obesity?

Basically, anyone - man, woman and child are all at risk from becoming obese. This is especially true if they indulge in any of the actions mentioned above. The main ones are eating fatty foods (fast food is the greatest contributor), processed food and not doing any exercise, such as walking for 30 - 60 minutes a day. TV, Video games and always going everywhere by car instead of walking or using a bicycle  also do not help. 

According to the Food Research & Action Center - and everyone else - more than 2/3 of Americans and 50% of EU citizens are overweight or obese. Two decades ago that was only ¼ of the population. Put simply, significantly more people should be losing weight. The difference, however, between now and 20 years ago is a change in focus away from deprivation dieting to a more holistic, healthy lifestyle all the time. Instead of saying, “I’ve got to lose this extra weight right now,” people are saying “I’ve got to live a healthier life.” Folks that were dieting are at least trying to eat fresher, greener foods, exercise more regularly and in general take better care of themselves. An interesting statistic to illustrate the point: a whopping 77% of Americans claim to be trying to eat healthier - against the 19% that claim to be on a diet.

Physicians and health insurance providers are not shy about pitching weight loss as preventative health care. Medical weight loss plans as a niche weight loss business have been making a lot of money and likely will into the future.

73% of men in the United States are overweight, compared to only 63% of women. But memberships in weight loss programs are dominated by women - an estimated 90% of Weight Watchers members are women. The discussion about why can be long and varied - and controversial at points - but the fact remains: men are overweight and have still barely been touched by weight loss services.

Genetics

Environment and Community

Your environment at home, at school, and in your community, can all influence how and what you eat and how active you are. Maybe you haven’t learned to cook healthy meals or don’t think you can afford healthier foods. If your neighborhood is unsafe, maybe you haven’t found a good place to play, walk, or run.

If this is your problem then join our 7 day and 30 challenge to start you on your way. While we can support you in helping yourself by supplying recipes, food lists, and exercise suggestions we cannot do it for you. Moving through these courses will give you the confidence which will change your life for the better. 

Psychological and other factors

Depression can sometimes lead to weight gain, as people turn to food for emotional comfort. Certain antidepressants can also increase risk of weight gain. Check out the list here to find out if your prescription is part of the weight gain problem. If it is then ask your Doctor to change your medication.

Smoking

It’s a good thing to quit smoking, but quitting can also lead to weight gain. For that reason, it’s important to focus on diet and exercise while you’re quitting.

Medication

Medications such as steroids or birth control pills can also put you at greater risk for weight gain. Check with your Doctor to find out if that is part of the weight problem.

How is Obesity diagnosed?

Other more accurate measures of body fat and body fat distribution include skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip comparisons, and screening tests such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Your doctor may also order certain tests to help diagnose obesity as well as obesity-related health risks. These may include blood tests to examine cholesterol and glucose levels, liver function tests, diabetes screen, thyroid tests, and heart tests, such as an electrocardiogram.

A measurement of the fat around your waist is also a good predictor of risk for obesity-related diseases.

When you get the bill for all these tests you might begin to understand why the AMA wanted to declare Obesity as a Disease.

What are complications of obesity?

Obesity leads to much more than simple weight gain. Having a high ratio of body fat to muscle puts strain on your bones as well as your internal organs. It also increases inflammation in the body, which is thought to be a cause of cancer. Obesity is also a major cause of type 2 diabetes.

Obesity has been linked to a number of health complications, some of which are life-threatening:

How is obesity treated?

If you’re obese and haven’t been able to lose weight on your own, medical help is available. In addition there are a number of of Weight Loss Clinics that will work with you (for a fee) to support you in losing weight. Most of these tend to be food based - i.e. buy our food and lose weight.

Start with your family physician who may be able to refer you to a weight specialist in your area.

Your doctor may also want to work with you as part of a team helping you lose weight. That team might include a dietitian, therapist, and/or other healthcare staff.

Your doctor may work with you on making lifestyle changes. It is most likely that they will recommend medications or weight loss surgery as well.

Lifestyle and behavior changes

Your healthcare team or Weight Loss Clinic can educate you on better food choices and help develop a healthy eating plan that works for you. A structured exercise program and increased daily activity — up to 300 minutes a week — will help build up your strength, endurance, and metabolism.

Counseling or support groups may also identify unhealthy triggers and help you cope with any anxiety, depression, or emotional eating issues.

Medical weight loss

Your doctor may also prescribe certain prescription weight loss medications in addition to healthy eating and exercise plans. Medications are usually prescribed if other methods of weight loss haven’t worked and if you have a BMI of 27 or more in addition to obesity-related health issues.

Prescription weight loss medications either prevent the absorption of fat or suppress appetite. These drugs can have unpleasant side effects. For example, the drug orlistat (Xenical) can lead to oily and frequent bowel movements, bowel urgency, and gas. Your doctor will monitor you closely while you’re taking these medications.

Weight loss surgery

Weight loss surgery (commonly called “bariatric surgery”) is the prefered option in the USA as it does not require a commitment from patients that they will change their lifestyle. Surgery forces the patient to change their lifestyle and food intake, otherwise the patient is likely to die when the internal surgery ruptures.

These types of surgery work by limiting how much food you can comfortably eat or by preventing your body from absorbing food and calories. Sometimes they do both. It does not rely on the willpower of the patient to eat less.

Weight loss surgery isn’t a quick fix. It’s a major surgery and can have serious risks. After surgery, patients will need to change how they eat and how much they eat or risk getting sick or dying.

Candidates for weight loss surgery may have a BMI of 40 or more, or have a BMI of 32 to 39.9 along with serious obesity-related health problems.

Patients will often have to lose weight prior to undergoing surgery. Additionally, they will normally undergo counseling to ensure that they’re both emotionally prepared for this surgery and willing to make the necessary lifestyle changes that it will force on them.

Surgical options include:

What is the long-term outlook for obesity?

There’s been a dramatic increase in obesity and in obesity-related diseases. This is the reason why communities, states, and the federal government are putting an emphasis on healthy food choices and activities to help turn the tide on obesity.

Ultimately, however, the responsibility is on each of us to make these healthy changes.

How can you prevent obesity?

Help prevent weight gain by making good lifestyle choices. Aim for moderate exercise (walking, swimming, biking) for 20 to 30 minutes every day.

Eat well by choosing nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Eat high-fat, high-calorie foods in moderation.

Risks

​The weight loss business is an industry fraught with misinformation. False claims about potential results and benefits run rampant. In the last decade alone the Federal Trade Commission has brought more than 80 law enforcement actions against companies making deceptive weight-loss claims. For patients considering joining a weight loss clinic it’s important to understand how and why it does what it claims to do - and if it really does it!

Do-it-yourself diets have also stormed onto center stage. From Atkins to South Beach to eating like a caveman - and a thousand others - diet information is easier to find than ever. Online support communities offer many of the benefits of in-person support, but have the added benefit of anonymity.

The number of bariatric surgeries have increased by 10% in the last decade alone. This surgery reduces the size of the stomach and has been an effective weight loss technique - without a lot of the work required the old fashioned way.

No matter what type of solution you you pick to stop you being overweight or obese - it all come down to one thing - less food in and weight goes down. Check out our 7 and 30 day challenges.

Fact Checked References

1. Mukherjee S. A moon shot for cancer. In: The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer. New York: Scribner; 2010: 180.

2. MarketResearch.com: The U.S. Weight Loss and Diet Control Market (11th Edition)

3. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/BMI/bmicalc.htm

CDC.gov: Adult Obesity

Healthy People.gov: Archive

Adult obesity facts. (2018).
cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html

Body mass index: Considerations for practitioners. (n.d.).
cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/bmiforpactitioners.pdf

Child obesity facts: Prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States. (2018).
cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html

Facts and statistics: Physical activity. (2017). https://www.hhs.gov/fitness/resource-center/facts-and-statistics/index.html

F as in fat: How obesity threatens American’s children. (n.d.). https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/farm/reports/reports/2010/rwjf62003

Guo X, et al. (2017). High fat diet alters gut microbiota and the expression of paneth cell-antimicrobial peptides preceding changes of circulating inflammatory cytokines. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5339499/

Hall KD, et al. (2016). Calorie for calorie, dietary fat restriction results in more body fat loss than carbohydrate restriction in people with obesity. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4603544/

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015). Obesity.
mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20375742

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Cushing’s syndrome.
mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cushing-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351310

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Prader-Willi syndrome.
mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prader-willi-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355997

Obesity. (n.d.).
endocrinefacts.org/health-conditions/obesity/

O’Neill AM. (2016). High-fat Western diet-induced obesity contributes to increased tumor growth in mouse models of human colon cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27866828

Polycystic ovary syndrome. (n.d.).
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024506/

Position of the American Dietetic Association: Fat replacers. (2005). https://jandonline.org/article/S0002-8223(04)01853-X/fulltext

Lung Cancer has now passed Breast Cancer as the Deadliest Cancer Killer for Women in the Western World.

This is because of the very large and intensive marketing push started by the Tobacco industry some 50 years ago which targeted women specifically. This marketing continues today aimed at young girls and women throughout the Western world.

The number of men smoking has steadily declined over the past few decades, while the number of women who smoke has increased.

The cause of Lung Cancer in the majority of cases can be traced back to what we put into our lungs. Whether that is tobacco smoke or polluted air or even industrial byproducts and waste.

The Secondhand Tobacco smoker is at risk because Secondhand tobacco smoke comes from burning cigarettes or other tobacco products, or is exhaled by smokers. Inhaling secondhand smoke exposes you to the same cancer-causing agents as smokers, although in smaller amounts.

While in most of Europe the smoking of cigarettes and other tobacco products is banned in any public place, office, restaurant or bar you see plenty of people standing outside the building smoking and polluting the air for all the passersby.

In the West, tobacco smoke is estimated to cause about 90% of all lung cancers.

There is no reason to expect this estimate to be any different for anywhere else in the World.

Even if you are a non-smoker, do not associate with smokers and wear a face mask (filter) when going outside you may get lung cancer from a colourless, tasteless, undetectable gas that might be in your house. This gas is Radon, which is a naturally occurring radioactive gas found in soil. This gas decays into solid radioactive particles which can, and do, deposit themselves into your lungs. It is these tiny radioactive particles that cause lung cancer. If you are concerned about Radon and live in the USA then check here. 

Radon, like other known or suspected external risk factors for lung cancer, is a threat for smokers and former smokers. This was clearly demonstrated by the European pooling study.^[6] A commentary ^[7] to the pooling study stated: "it is not appropriate to talk simply of a risk from radon in homes. The risk is from smoking, compounded by a synergistic effect of radon for smokers. Without smoking, the effect (of Radon) seems to be so small as to be insignificant."

According to the European pooling study, there is a difference in risk from radon between lung cancer types. Small cell lung carcinoma, which is practically only caused by smoking, has a higher risk of developing when coupled with Radon. For other lung cancer types that primarily affects non-smokers, the increased risk from Radon appears to be lower.^[8][9]

Other exposures of concern include asbestos, certain metals such as chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and some organic chemicals. Although the risk of lung cancer from such exposure is not as great as the risk from cigarette smoke, your risk increases more if you are a smoker and you are exposed to these agents in the workplace or elsewhere.

A new Product called Sawa Lung Cleanse for Smokers is available here. 

Drinking large amounts of alcohol is linked to an increased risk of Lung Cancer.

Taking beta-carotene supplements (pills) can increase the risk of lung cancer in smokers who smoke one or more packs a day. The risk is higher in smokers who also drink one or more alcoholic drinks every day.

The human body converts beta-carotene into vitamin A (retinol). We need vitamin A for healthy skin and mucous membranes, our immune system, and good eye health and vision.

Beta-carotene in itself is not an essential nutrient, but vitamin A is.

A new Product called Sawa Lung Cleanse for Smokers is available here. 

About 2 out of 3 people diagnosed with lung cancer are older than 65. Less than 3% of all diagnoses are made in people younger than 45.

Thirty percent of people with lung cancer will die within 90 days of being diagnosed in the UK.

This strikes me as a strange fact as the implication here is that either;

1. The patients doctor did not detect the lung cancer early enough to do anything, or
2. The patients gave up the will to live on diagnosis.

The medical establishment tells us that Lung cancer is one of the hardest cancers to diagnose and has a poor prognosis – they regard it as a death sentence. It is obvious that Doctors need more training in identifying cancer when you ask for their opinion. 

The outlook for patients with lung cancer is improving with the advent of new drugs. Prevention is better than the cure, you need to avoid places and circumstances that may cause Lung Cancer. 

What’s more, early interventions have shown that a few relatively easy and cheap measures can improve the rates of earlier diagnosis. As with all cancers, early diagnosis is the key to successful treatment.

“This is a curable cancer if it’s caught early enough,” stressed Riyaz Shah, a consultant medical oncologist at Kent Oncology Centre, UK.

Among the barriers to early diagnosis, is the fact that the symptoms of lung cancer are often vague and nonspecific. Even where patients has chest symptoms they sometimes don’t think they are dangerous. Other patients said they had been unable to get to see their usual GP or that they couldn’t get an appointment to get their symptoms checked out. Research shows that patients who died had visited their GP an average of five times in the months before diagnosis. This indicates that GP’s need more or better training, or access to better testing procedures (such as chest X-rays) to detect lung cancer earlier.

40% of all lung cancers are not diagnosed until the patient arrives at an emergency clinic with serious breathing problems. It is at this point that the patient has virtually no chance of survival, as they are is in the last stages of lung cancer. Chest X-rays are cheap, and the radiation is a very low dose, and the use of a chest X-ray even if there is a low-level chance of Lung Cancer, may very well save your life.

Lung cancer is more prevalent among lower socioeconomic (poorer) groups.

Surgery is the preferred method for treating early lung cancers. As lungs are a lot less accessible to surgeons than, say, the breast you will normally be told to opt for chemo instead.

And also, if you are old or nor very well you will not be offered surgery, but pushed towards chemo. 

However, it appears that if you know you have lung cancer early enough there is an opportunity to alter your lifestyle (stop smoking, eat cancer killing foods, stop or reduce drinking alcohol) to either kill or control the lung cancer. If you don’t know you have lung cancer then there is nothing you can do until it is too late. Start a Preventative regime now irrespective of your age and gender.

A new Product called Sawa Lung Cleanse for Smokers is available here. 

The Environment

Almost half of Americans live with unhealthy levels of air pollution

A report finds 148 million people living in areas where smog and soot particles are a health risk with deteriorating climate change likely to increase your health risk.

With China being the most polluted country in the world, and India not far behind it, together with Eastern Europe in the same position it appears that there is likely to be a massive explosion in Lung Cancer all round the world in the next decade. The rest of the world is also suffering from worsening air quality caused by such disasters as nuclear power plant meltdowns (Fukushima), wildfires (California), deliberate forest burn offs (Amazon), vehicle exhausts, coal and waste burning, smoking and general industrial pollution in every city and town. The amount of untested chemicals and aerosols being introduced to the public every year increases this pollution load continually.

There is growing concern globally about the health risks of air pollution. The fact that smog and soot that travel across state lines and country borders kills the people next door rather than you is cold comfort – especially when the wind direction changes.

Scientific research shows that smog and soot are far more harmful at lower levels than previously thought. A growing body of research over the last decade has connected air pollution to increased deaths from heart disease and respiratory illnesses.

The World Health Organisation said in 2014 that particulate pollution causes lung cancer.

Air pollution linked to higher risk of lung cancer and heart failure

Air pollution, chiefly from traffic exhaust fumes in cities, is having a serious and sometimes fatal effect on health, according to two studies that link it to lung cancer and heart failure.

Air pollution increases the risk of lung cancer even at levels lower than those recommended by the European Union, says a paper in the Lancet Oncology journal. Although smoking is a far bigger cause of lung cancer, a significant number of people will get the disease because of where they live and what they breathe.

The study, codenamed Escape, combined data from 17 large studies in nine European countries covered a total of almost 313,000 people. The size of the research gives it greater authority than previous work.

Air pollution comes from traffic – mostly diesel fumes – household heating and industry. In cities where people live close together, "there is no reason to believe this [risk] is restricted to people of higher or lower socio-economic status," said an author of the study. They found a link with lung cancer even at low levels of air pollution, he said, "the less the better and the more the worse".

The second study published by the Lancet, shows that short-term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of being admitted to hospital with and dying of heart failure.

"Heart failure is a common, costly and fatal condition … and is one of the most frequent reasons for hospital admission," Mills said. "While the role of air pollution is well recognised as a risk factor for heart attacks, it has been less clear whether exposure increases the risk of adverse events in patients with other cardiovascular conditions like heart failure.

"Since the entire population is exposed to air pollution, even modest reductions in air pollution could have major cardiovascular health benefits and substantial healthcare cost savings."

Governments have acted to curb air pollution, but the study showed the problems were still real. "Most of the studies have been from the last 10 years, well after most of the major legislation to reduce air pollution. This relationship is still present, even at levels in some countries which are very low," he said.

There is concern about pollution in the developing world, where data was not comprehensive enough to carry out studies. Air pollution in some cities in China and India may be 10 or 20 times higher than in the UK. Nobody yet knows whether the health impact will be of the same increased magnitude.

Prevention is better than the cure (and a lot cheaper).

It is apparent that we are all surrounded by the very thing that keeps us alive, namely air. However, it is ironical that the very thing that sustains us may contain the means of giving us Lung Cancer, and killing us (and not very nicely either).

Unless we live in a filtered bubble for the rest of our lives we must take our chances out in the world and its polluted environment.

You can reduce your chances of getting Lung Cancer by;

Not Smoking Cigarettes and other Tobacco products

Not smoking marijuana

Not chewing or ingesting any tobacco products

Reduce or stop completely your alcohol intake

​Improving your immune system to fight lung cancer cells while they are still small

(A new Product called Sawa Lung Cleanse for Smokers is available here. )

Having regular chest X-rays using low level radiation

Seeing your GP on a regular basis and informing him/her of any chest and breathing problems immediately. The most difficult part about this is getting the Doctor to listen, understand and get some tests done (such as  a low radiation chest x-ray). It doesn't matter what the GP thinks, it is your body, not theirs - demand to get the tests done.

Consuming Cancer Killing foods on a regular basis.

Fact Checked References:

1. Greydanus, DE; Hawver EK; Greydanus MM (October 2013). "Marijuana: current concepts". Frontiers in Public Health 1 (42).

2. Owen, KP; Sutter, ME; Albertson, TE (February 2014). "Marijuana: respiratory tract effects.". Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology 46 (1): 65–81.

3. Joshi, M; Joshi, A; Bartter, T (March 2014). "Marijuana and lung diseases.". Current opinion in pulmonary medicine 20 (2): 173–179.

4. Tashkin, DP (June 2013). "Effects of marijuana smoking on the lung.". Annals of the American Thoracic Society 10 (3): 239–47.

5. Underner, M; Urban T; Perriot J (June 2014). "Cannabis smoking and lung cancer". Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 31 (6): 488–498.

6. D'Antonio; Passaro A; Gori B (May 2014). "Bone and brain metastasis in lung cancer: recent advances in therapeutic strategies". Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology 6 (3): 101–114.

7. Parikh, RB; Kirch, RA; Smith, TJ; Temel, JS (12 December 2013). "Early specialty palliative care--translating data in oncology into practice.". The New England Journal of Medicine 369 (24): 2347–51.

8. Kelley AS, Meier DE (August 2010). "Palliative care—a shifting paradigm". New England Journal of Medicine 363 (8): 781–2.

9. Prince-Paul M (April 2009). "When hospice is the best option: an opportunity to redefine goals". Oncology (Williston Park, N.Y.) 23 (4 Suppl Nurse Ed): 13–7.